Asbestosis
Definition
Asbestosis is a respiratory disease brought on by inhaling asbestos fibers.
Alternative Names
Pulmonary fibrosis - from asbestos exposure; Interstitial pneumonitis - from asbestos exposure
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Inhaling asbestos fibers can cause scar tissue (fibrosis) to form inside the lung. Scarred lung tissue does not expand and contract normally, and cannot perform gas exchange.
The severity of the disease depends on how long the person was exposed to asbestos and the amount inhaled. Often, symptoms and lung fibrosis do not occur and are not noticed for a period of 20 years or more after the asbestos exposure.
Asbestos fibers were commonly used in construction before 1975. Asbestos exposure occured in asbestos mining and milling industries, construction, fireproofing, and other industries. In families of asbestos workers, exposure can also occur from particles brought home on the worker's clothing.
Asbestos-related disease includes pleural plaques (calcification), malignant mesothelioma, and pleural effusion. Mesotheliomas may develop 20 - 40 years after exposure. Workers today are less likely to develop asbestos-related disease because of government regulations.
Cigarette smoking increases the risk of developing the disease.
Symptoms
- Chest pain
- Cough
- Shortness of breath on exertion (slowly gets worse over time)
- Tightness in the chest
Possible additional symptoms include the following:
- Nail abnormalities
- Clubbing of fingers
Signs and tests
When listening to the chest with a stethoscope (auscultation), the doctor may detect a crackling sound.
These tests may help diagnose the disease:
- Chest x-ray
- CT scan of the lungs
- Gallium lung scan
- Pulmonary function tests
Treatment
There is no cure available. Stopping further exposure to asbestos is essential. To ease symptoms, postural drainage, chest percussion, and vibration can help remove secretions from the lungs.
The doctor may prescribe aerosol medications to thin secretions. People with this condition may need to receive oxygen by mask or by a plastic piece that fits into the nostrils. Certain patients may require lung transplantation.
Support Groups
You can ease the stress of this illness by joining a support group whose members share common experiences and problems. See lung disease - support group.
Expectations (prognosis)
The outcome depends on the duration and extent of the asbestos exposure. Patients who develop malignant mesothelioma have a poor probable outcome, with 75% of those affected dying within 1 year.
Complications
- Malignant mesothelioma
- Pleural effusion
Calling your health care provider
Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you suspect that you've been exposed to asbestos or if you have unexplained symptoms.
Prevention
In people who are exposed to asbestos, early screening by chest x-ray may help prevent asbestosis.
References
Cowie RL, Murray J, Becklake MR. Pneumoconioses. In: Mason RJ, Murray JF, Broaddus VC, Nadel JA, eds. Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa : Saunders Elsevier; 2005: chap 61.
Glazer CS, Newman LS. Occupational interstitial lung disease. Chest. September 2004;25:467-478.
Reviewed By: Allen J. Blaivas, DO, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine UMDNJ-NJMS, Attending Physician in the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
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